Needle-nozzle construction



Nov. 6, 1928. 1,690,685

L. M. KARNASCH ET AL NEEDLE NOZZLE CONSTRUCTION Filed Aug. 16 1926 6 Sheets-Sheet 1 gmmow Levp/d M [furnace/l fly 6. Hu/c/v/mon Nov. 6, 1928. 1,690,685

L. KARNASCH ET AL NEEDLE NOZZLE CONSTRUCTION Filed Au 16, 1926 e snets-sheet' 2 i 5 J r 6 i1 I I 7 z 5 7 fi z? 26 w s o {J l|||||| Illlll a a 11 a 1 26 19 Nov. 6, 192a 1,690,685 L. M. KARNASCH ET AL NEEDLE NOZZLE CONSTRUCT ION Filed Aug. 16, 1926 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 Nov. 6, 1928. 1,690,685

L. M. KARNASCH ET AL NEEDLE NOZZLE CONSTRUCTION Filed Aug. 16, 1926 e Sheets-Sheet e f l l i o k y \I T latented Nov. 6, 1928.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE,

LEOPOLD M. KABNASCH, OF SAN FRANCISCO, AND ELY C. HUTCHINSON, OF OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA, ASSIGNORS TO THE PELTON \VATER WHEEL (10., OF SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, A CORPORATION OF CALIFORNIA.

NEEDLE-NOZZLE CONSTRUCTION.

Application filed August 16, 1926. Serial No. 129,638.

This invention relates to improvements in hydraulic control. apparatus and particularly to the construction of the'needle nozzle and the needle and associated elements.

In the prior art it has been customary to construct the needle nozzle of sinuous form, with reverse curves, or of'T-shaped construc tion in order to accommodate the structure for supporting and operating the needle so that the supporting and operating elements could be suitably extended through the nozzle body to the exterior thereof for connection with suitable control apparatus. It has been found that considerablev number of disadvantages occur in a construction of this character which for the most part reside in the result which the construction produces on the water pouring through the nozzle body and discharged onto the water wheel.

These constructions do not permit of an even uniform flow of water from the point of inlet to the point of discharge, on the contrary they require that the water which frequently passes through at extremely high velocity must bend to conform with the nozzle form in addition to passing the obstruction offered by the needle supporting stem. The water is then required to change its direct-ion and send it in a. direction parallel with the needle before discharging through the annular form between the nozzle body and the needle in the open position of the needle, and it has been found that the discharge plainly showed the results of the discrepancies created inside the nozzle body of the types above mentioned by the lack of symmetry, the unbalanced flow conditions, the variations in direction of flow of the ater, the variation of velocity, resulting in creating turbulences in the water. The sinuour; and elbow forms of nozzles may also aid in the generation of. a spirally wearing movement in the water as it advances tothe point of the nozzle and discharge which frequently causes the discharging stream to break badly after leaving the'nozzle and resulting in a decrease in eficiency of operation of the unit with which it forms a part. There are numerous other objections to which these forms of nozzle bodies are sub- 7 feet, from a consideration of the principles governing hydraulics. I the object of the present invention to .e a new type of nozzle body and needle construction together with the, construction of the operating means therefor, in which the nozzle body is built on a straight-line principle for the purpose of eliminating the disadvantages of the types of construction above set forth.

In providing the improved form of construction of this invention numerous additional featureshave been added including a special method of supporting and guiding the needle in its operation in the nozzle body, together with the provision of means for balancing the operation of the needle in accord ance with the variation of flow or the velocity of the discharge in the nozzle in order. to permit of the operation of the needle in any desired manner by suitable operating means requiring a'minimum amountof power for operating purposes. V

The invention comprehends numerous objects andadvantages in the construction of a straight line needle nozzle with a special needle construction and method of mounting and guiding the same in the body, with the provision of suitable guide means and operatin g means in conjunction therewith, which are all more particularly pointed out in the following detailed description and in the claims directed to the preferred construction of the apparatus, it being understood, however, that various other forms of the nozzle construction defining straight line principles are readily conceivable which are considered to form a part ofthe present invention within the scope of the same as herein set forth.

In the drawings forming part of this application: t

Figure 1 is a vertical longitudinal section through a needle nozzle construction made in accordance with this invention in which the needle is provided with a suitable link construction operated from a rocker shaft from suitable control apparatus.

Figure 2 is a horizontal sectional view through the nozzle body construction taken substantially on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1.

v Figure 3 is a vertical transverse sectional view taken substantially on line 3-3 of Fig. 1, through the nozzle body and showing the construction of the rocker arm assembly and mounting therefor.

Figure 4 is a horizontal sectional View through a nozzle body construction similar to that shown in Fig.1, but having'a slightly diilerent form of counter balance structure and motion transmitting mechanism operated by the control apparatus. a

Figure 5 is adetailed side elevation of the link and rocker arm structure for the nozzle body construction shown in Fig. 4.

Figure 6 is a horizontal sectional view similar to F g. 2 and in which the operatlng mechanism' for the needle is adapted for direct servomotor control. 7

Figure 7 is a vertical longitudinal section through .a'cOnstrUction as shown in Fig. 6 illustrating particularly a servomotor construction for controlling and operating'th'e needle; I I p a Figure 8 is avertical transverse sectional view taken on line 8- 8 of Fig. 7.

Figure 9 isa side elevation of a straight linenozzle construction in accordance with 'this invention provided with a servomotor control and showing connections with an auxihary relief nozzle of new design embodying straight line features.

Referring to the drawings, particularly Figs; 1, 2and 3, 1 indicates the dischargeor down stream end of apenstock or water supply pipe to which is fitted the nozzle body 2 through a suitable bolted flange connection as indicatc'dat 3.. The down stream end of the nozzle body 2 is formed. with an annular flange 4' to which is secured the ring member 5 having an inwardly extending annular shoulder 6 engaging with the flange on the nozzle tip 7 forsecuring the nozzle tip inassembled relationon the nozzle body 2. This nozzle tip is provided with a removable seat member Stormedwith the needle seat at 9.

The needle isindicatedlgenerally at 10 and is formedof a pair of sections 11 and 12 re spectively secured in assembled relation by a suitable pin 13. The section 11 forms the needle point and is of suitable curved form andprovidedwith a portion adjacent the central part of the needleadalptcd for seating cooperation with the seat- 9 in the which in turn is-tormed at the down stream end witha large diameter at 16 operat ng seating member 8 in order to closejthe discharge end of the needle body and prevent a flow of fluid therethrougln Thesection 12 of the needle is of a substantially cone shape havingthe pointed end directed toward the upstream end of the nozzle body with which is formed a plurality of webs 14 having a substantial dimension in the axial plane oi the nozzle body and of a relatively thin cross section. These webs 14' are suitably tormed. with the; needle-supporting guide sleeve 15,

within the enlargedbore' 1'? of the; nozzle body 2. The down stream end of this bore as indicated at 18 forms onepart of the hereafter termed counterbalance chamber. The upstream end of the guide sleeve 15 is of reduced diameter with respect to the size of the 5 portion 16 and is provided with a. plurality of pacling rings 19 of annular form seating in suitable grooves in the periphery'ot the upstream end of said guide and supporting sleeve 15 and having bearing contacts with the renewable bearing sleeve 20 suitably mounted on the interior of the bore of the nozzle body. The downstream end of the supporting and guide sleeve 15 isalso provided with a plurality of'packing rings 21 of annular form seating in annular grooves formed in the guide sleeve 15 which have bearin engage- -ment with the renewable bearing sleeve 22 inserted in the downstream end of the en-' largedportion 17 of the nozzle body.

These packing rings 19 and 21 operate to prevent substantial leakage past the end of the supporting and guide sleeve 15 into the chamber surrounding said' supporting and guide sleeve indicated'by the numeral 23 and also prevents leakage of the pressure from the counter balance chamber past the guide sleeve which would impair the efliciency of operation andcounter-balancing of the needle structure. A renewable liner 24L of annular form having a diameter matching that of the member,while the opposite ends of the bores 25 communicate with the. counter balance chamber 18in order to permit the fluid pressure within the nozzle tip to communicate with the counter balance chamber and provide the counter balancing operation in a mannen which will be presently set forth.

comn'lunicating also with the counter balance chamber 18 is a series otholes 18 which pass through the sleeve 2% to permit the rapid displacement ofthc fluid in chamber 18 when the needle 10 is moved by the'governor at such a rate that the holes 25 and annular clear-- ance surrounding the ring 24 would be inadequate to handle the volumetric changes in chamber 18 without creatingundesirable resistance. i

The structure shown in Figs. 1 to 3 is providediwith I suitable operating means which includes the pins 26 as clearly shown in Figure 2 of the drawings extending laterally through the slots 27 formed .in the side walls of the nozzle body 2 and with which are suitably'jconne'cted the links 28'pivotally connected to the operating levers 29 mounted on the ends of theme]: shafts 30 which in turn are rotatable in the bearings 31' on the'nozzle ill body 2 as clearly illustrated in Figure 3, while the main operating lever 32 connected with suitable control apparatus well known in the art, serves to transmit the motion from this control apparatus (not shown) to the rocker shaft 30, to the operating lever 29, and thereby produce the desired operation of the needle 10.

The bed of the water wheel housing is indicated at 33, the water wheel housing proper is indicated at 34. The water wheel runner is adapted to operate within a circumference indicated by the circle and normally operatable in the direction of the arrow 86 as shown in Figure 1. The relation of the needle and nozzle structure with the water wheel is best illustrated in Figure 1.

v The operation of the needle from this construction it will be seen is axially through the nozzle body 2 which is provided with an axial discharge passage in order that the line of discharge of fluid under pressure from the downstream end of the pen stock 1 will be in a stream line and therefore the turbulences created. in the water under high pressure and at substantially high velocity being discharged through this construction will not be found as in the construction of the types above mentioned so that the stream of water discharged through this straight line nozzle structure will produce the most eliicient re sults for the amount of pressure used. It should be readily apparent that the velocity of the fluid flowing through this body will substantially affect the operation of the nee dle 12 and that the conditions will vary with the position of the needle with respect to its seat. In the position as shown in Figure 1 in which the nozzle is closed against the discharge of the fluid, the needle will be held firmly against the seat by the pressure in the nozzle body and this operation will be counter balanced through the pressure entering the counter balance chamber 18 through the bore 25 and the annular clearance space surrounding the renewable liner 24, also the holes 18, so that shouldit be desired to move the needle to an open position substantially little force will be required in view of the balance of pressure on the point of the needle. Any leakage past the packing rings l9 and 21 into the chamber 23 is immediately drawn off in any suitable manner in order that this leakage will in no way interfere with the operation of the counter balance chamber 18. If the needle moves toward the open position the condition of balancing will change due to the velocity of the water flowing outwardly past the needle and through the nozzle tip 7 and impinging on the curved point of the section 11 of the needle assembly. The velocity of the water discharging through the nozzle tip will also change the conditions of pressure in the counter balance chamber in view of the posltion of the outlet bore 25 communicating with said chamber so that instead of the pressure entering the chamber 18 the flow of fluid being discharged through the nozzle tip will have a tendency to create a suction or ejector effect, and alsoto lower the pressure by virtue of the increased velocity as the water approaches the point of final discharge according to the well known law Id -g in accordance with the position of the needle after it leaves the seat 9. The con struction of the parts are so designed that the variation in the hydraulic pressure of various parts of the nozzle body and thenozzle tip together. with that acting on the needle and the changes in the velocity of the fluid passing through the nozzle body will always affect between the needle body and the counter balance chamber 18 substantially a balance of the forces through distribution thereof in opposite direction for equalizing purposes as a result of which the main operating lever requires a lesser force for the purpose of operation to move the needle into closed oropen position or any intermediate position therebetween. Should the needle be inany position permitting discharge of the fluid it is to be understood that the same counter balancing eli'ect is maintained and that the operation of the main operating lever 32 may be obtained with mininnun reistance for the purpose of moving the needle 10 into closed position as shown in Figure 1.

For some purposes the construction shown in Figures 1 to 8 is not desirable in view of the fact that where the water contains considerable grit and other foreign matter, it will have a tendency to lodge in the packings 19 and 21 and quickly out these packings and the wearing sleeves 2O and 22 away that this particular type of structure not nactical for such application.

The construction shown in Figures 1- and 5 has therefore been provided which is de signed for use in such cases in order to pro- 'vide a construction having the same practical advantages as that shown in Figure 1 but having additional wearing qualities to offset the destructive action of grit and other foreign matter in the water.

The nozzle body as indicated at 37 has the annular flange 38 on the upstream and adapted for at liment to the pen stock and is formed with. the annular flange 39 on the downstream end for receiving the ring 40 adapted to suitably secure the nozzle ti etl thereto as heretofore described. in connection with the structure shown in Fiouu'c The needle structure indicatcdat is the same as that shown in Figures 1 to 3 includ ing the web structure 13 connecting the needle body proper with the annular guide and supporting sleeve 4-4. This supporting and guide sleei e t for the needle is operatable within the enlarged chamber of the nozzle body and has the opposite ends thereof providedwith bearing contacts on annular wear receiving liners 46 0t annular form as clearly illustrated in Figure t. In

this construction the nozzle body 37 is formed at opposite sides with the housing-extensions 47 formed to provide counter balance chambers 18 which receive the plungers 49 ere tending rearwardly through stuffing boxes 50 of suitable form as used'in the art, with the rear ends projecting into the atmosphere and receiving tllG'liDl-Z connections 51 carried by the operating levers These plungers 49 have cuitablepin connections53 with the supporting and guide sleeve 44 and needle egwhich extend through the slotted opening 5-il providing communication between the r I chamber H and the counter balance chamber 48. A renewable liner 55is secured to the upstream end of the nozzle ll and provides a chamber in which the lower end or downstream end of the guide sleeve 4d operates. This guide sleeve, ie is torined with a phr rality of openings 56 to provide communication between the fluid discharge passage throughthe nozzle body 3? and the counter balanccchamber l8, and also into theannular chamber 487, a portion of the fluid also entering past the wear liners 5:6 and the fluid finally passing into the counter balance chamber through the 'passages '54.

lVith this construction aszshown in Figures l and 5 it will be apparent that the pressure is adapted to enter the counter balance chambers lSand provide the counter vbalancing operation in a manner similar to that shown and described in connection with Figure l, and in which the balancing operation is secured between the needle 42 and the nozzle also that'the proper balancing operation obtained in all positions of the needle by a coiuz'tructiou which may be readily operated 1 to at is illustrated and which instead of providing a link and rocker shaft, operating structure utilizes a servomoter operated by fluid pressure, which may be mountedin any convenient position and controlled in any manner well known in the art for the purpose. c

In the construction shown in these last mentioned figures, the straight line nozzle body is indicated as 58 having the downstream. end'thereof provided at'opposite sides I with housings 59 asshown in Figure G-providcd with communications through pussages 60,760 and 60 into the body. The

nozzle tip 61 is mounted on the downstrean'i end of the nozzle body by the ring 62in the manner described in connectlon with Figure 1, which secures the end plate members 63 disposed between the nozzle body and the ring 652 in position as shown in Figures 6 and 7 and which is adapted to form a closure ior the downstream end or the chambers for red within the housing 59. The renewable liner (Ll in this'construction is attached to the )ltlt-Q member 63 instead of to the ing renewable wear receiving collars 68 removably replaced on the opposite ends there- 0'? and provided with suitable bearings 00- operating with the inside of the bore of the nozzle body I Atdiametri .illy opposite points as shown in Figureo the guide sleeve 67 for the needle is formed with iirojectinghead 69 provided with threaded bores to receive the pins 70 which attach the head 69 to the plungers 71 slidably mounted in the housing 59 and hav ing suitable packed joints by the packing 72 to prevent leakage. These plungers 71 are suitably connected by the rods 73 with the servomotor piston 74: which is of annular form as illustrated in Figuresti and 7 and mounted for sliding movement within the annular servomotor cylinder 75 tormed within the annular projecting body 76 which may be cast integral with the flange on the upstream end of the'nozzle body 58. ling boxes 77 serve to pack therods 7?, to prevent leakage ofoil from the servomotor which for the purpose of permitting the assembly of the parts. With particular reference to Figure 7, two; ,oil conveying pipes 79 are connected with the servomotor cylinder 75 and have the passages 80 communicating with the endsthereof at opposite sides of the piston 74 so that through the provision of suit-ablefluid actuating control means the servomotor piston 7st may bereciprocated within the cylintier-7 5 in order to move the needle valve 65 into closed or open position or any interme diate position. v V i This provides a direct governor oractuator method of movingthe needle through the direct motion of the annular piston T l instead otthrough the use of a. series of links and levers as indicated in the structure shown in Figures 1 and 4; i

It will-be seen that-all oft-he constructions thusfar described embody a nozzle construction in wh ch the tiow ot' fl'dlti, through the,

Suitable stufnozzle body is in a straight line from the pen stock to the downstream end at which point the fluid is discharged through the nozzle tip secured to the body. VVith-this straightline body construction which permits of the direct discharge of the fluid under pressure without distortion thereof in any manner, it has been found that the efiiciency of operation of a de' vice of this character is materially increased and that the resistance offered to, the flow of fluid by the web connections between the needle body proper and the supporting and guide sleeve therefor, does not detrimentally affect the iiow of the fluid or the character of the discharge from the nozzle. These constructions, therefore, have been foundto eliminate substantially all of'the disadvantageous features of the old types of nozzle body structures as heretofore set forth and to provide a balanced needle supporting structure through the use of hydraulic pressure in the nozzle body itself to produce the balancing operation in order that the power of the operating means for the needle is not required to offset the pressure of the discharging fluid through the body.

The features of straight line needle nozzle construction as above described are applicable to water wheel installations where auxiliary relief valves or means are used for protecting the pen stocks againstexcessive water hammer during periods of speed regulation on the governor by direct motion or through a link and countershaft mechanism to operate the power needle and vary the supply ofthe,

power water to the wheel. For the purpose of illustrating the application of this principle to such constructions reference is particularly made to Figure 9 in which the power nozzle is illustrated at 82 having the controlling needle 83 constructed in any one of the manners heretofore described in connection with Figures 1 to 8 inclusive. In the structure illustrated a servomotor control is provided at 8d of the type illustrated in Figures 6, 7 and 8 having a rod connection 85 with suitable mechanism in the housing 86 for transmitting motion to the needle 83 in order that upon the operation of the servomotor piston the needle 83 may be controlled for regulating fluid discharge through the nozzle in a desired manner. The pen stock 87 is formed with a branch 88 on which is mounted the auxiliary nozzle 89 in which the nozzle body is constructed on the straight line principle in accordance with any of the types of construction heretofore described and shown in Figures 1 to 8 inclusive. The auxiliary needle is indicated as 90 which is controlled by suitable mechanism connected therewith and operatable in the housing 91 with which the rod 92 is associated and forms a part and which is connected to the annular piston 93 in the oil cylinder 94 which is slidably mounted on the nozzle body by means of the annular flange 95 formed thereon as illustrated in Figure 9. y

Suitable coil springs 96 are anchored at the forward end oft-he nozzle construction as indicated at 97 and at the opposite ends are connected to the cylinder 94 as illustrated at 98 and normally operate to retain the cylinder 94: at the down stream end of its stroke of movement on the flange 95. v

A rod connection'96 from the piston '93 has a link connection with the lever 97 pivoted at 98 on an extension formed on the powernozzle body 82, the said pivot being provided in the lever 97. The other end of the lever is provided with a link connection 99 with the rod assembly 85 in order that the lever 97 is directly operatable by the operation of the needle 83 and associated connected mechanism which provides a-control for the auxiliary needle 90. A bypass conduit 100 is formed in the cylinder structure94i to perit oil therein to flow fromthe upstream. side of the piston to the down stream side thereof under the control of a suitable form of needle valve 101 which may be adjusted to control the flow in a desired manner. In order to permit the quick closing of the needle valve 90, upon a quick opening of the main power needle 88 the cylinder 94 is provided with a check control by -pass 102 to permit the ready flow of fluid from the downstream side of the piston 98 to the upstream side thereof.

During the regulation of the main power nozzle and needle 83 through the operation of the servomotor 8% it will be understood that should the needle be suddenly moved from the full open to the full closed position that the auxiliary relief nozzle will immediately open to its full extent through the operation of the lever 97 to prevent water hammer or other 'difficulties arising from the sudden checking of the flow of fluid under pressure. After opening to the full position the release of nozzle 89 would have the needle 90 thereof moved gradually to the closed position by the operation of the springs 96 controlled by the flow of fluid through the bypass 100. Should this main power needle 83 after a sudden closing movement be then again suddenly opened to the full position, the loy-pass 102 will permit the fluid on the downstream side of the piston 93 to return quickly to the upstream side thereof in order that the needle 90 may move to the closed position in the auxiliary nozzle and the position of the piston 98 in the cylinder 9% will not interfere with the full opening movement of the needle 88. In this way the proper eo-operation between the operation of the needle 88 and the needle 90 of the any iliary relief nozzle are obtained through this construction of the cylinder 9 L having the fluid actuating piston 98 therein all operating as a dash-pot on the flange 95 of the nozzlebody. i

l Vhat is claimed-is:

1. Hydraulic control apparatus, comprising a nozzle bod'y,'-a needle operatable in'said body for controlling discharge therefrom,

operating means connected With said needle extending laterally through said body {oper 'atable'from the side thereof, and means cooperating With said needleand said body for distributing the pressure therein for balaiming said needle in whole 01' in part at all positions ofoperation. p a

2; Hydraulic control apparatus, coinpris-I a nozzle body, a needle operatable axially in said bodyfto control{discharge e f fluid therethrough, balancing means for said needle to balance the*pressurecreated by the fluid flowing past-the needle in the operation of the noZz-lefand operating means at the side "of the bodyfin the lateralplane of said needle connected thereto and adapted tO HlOVe "said needle axially in the body in controlling discharge through said bo'dyi- '3. Hydraulic control apparatus, comprise ing a straight linedisc'harge nozzle body, a needle axially in'ovable in said body for contro'll ingfiuid flow therc'through, an annular guidesleeve attached to said needle and slida'ble i'n said body, said -guide sleeve having means co-opera ting With said body adapted to equalize fluid pressure for balancing the operation of said'needl and operatingnieans attached to said guide sleeve andoperatabl'e, at the side o'f sai'dnozzlebody for'controlli-ng and operating said needle.

Hydraulic control apparatus, comprising a nozzle body, a {needle a'xi'ally movable in said body to control discharge therethrough, an annular sleeve member attached to said needle and slidable in a chamber formed in said body for guiding said needle in the operation thereof, pressure chambers at the opposite ends of said sleeve means for admitting and controlling pressure 1n sald chambers,operatable to balance the operation of said sleeve in said body, and operating means attached to said sleeve adapted for operatingsaid valve to control flow and discharge fr'o'msaid body;

5, Hydraulic control apparatus, comprising a straight line discharge nozzle body, a

nozzle tip secured-on said body, a needle aX-' iafllymovable in said body-for controlling discharge ftherethrough in co-operation with said-tip, annular supporting "means slidable and manually controllable for governing the flow of fluid through said body.

6, Hydraulic control. apparatus, eonrpris- I 1ng a straightl'lIle discharge nozzle body, a

nozzle: tip secured on said nozzle boc y, a needle ax ally movable 1n said'body for controlling discharge therethro'ugh in -coop'eration with said tip, annular supporting means slidab'le in said body for said needle, webs extending inwardly fromxs'said sul'a'porting means and connectingwi'th the needle for concentrically supporting the same therein, a fluid actuated piston associated with the needle, a cylinder carried by the :nozzle :body and vvithin which the ipiston operates, and

means for admitting fluid toei'ther side of the piston to operate fthe'sarne- I In testin'iony'whereof we have signed on r names *to 'thislspedification. e A :LEOPOLD M. KARNASCH. s I ELYCuHUP-CHINQSGN. 

